{"id":2089,"date":"2024-03-20T11:26:37","date_gmt":"2024-03-20T10:26:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/fauna-surveys\/"},"modified":"2026-02-05T12:58:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T11:58:28","slug":"fauna-surveys","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/environmental-studies\/fauna-surveys\/","title":{"rendered":"Fauna surveys"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2089\" class=\"elementor elementor-2089 elementor-673\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-645bafb e-con-full e-flex parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"645bafb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca437d5 e-flex e-con-boxed parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ca437d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95892fc elementor-widget__width-inherit titolo_incarichi elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95892fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Fauna surveys<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-233d0d41 elementor-section-full_width qode_elementor_container_inner elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no\" data-id=\"233d0d41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ef4990c\" data-id=\"1ef4990c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4855a71e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4855a71e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><nav aria-label=\"breadcrumbs\" class=\"rank-math-breadcrumb\"><p><span class=\"last\">Home<\/span><\/p><\/nav><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b4f85b elementor-section-full_width qode_elementor_container_inner elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no\" data-id=\"2b4f85b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-badb4b8\" data-id=\"badb4b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b1319d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b1319d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Faunal surveys on amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, including bats<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83ea268 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83ea268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>ERSE conducts analysis and monitoring of fauna on animal components such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (including bats) across the entire national territory.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-40fed5b elementor-section-full_width qode_elementor_container_inner elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no\" data-id=\"40fed5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75ead5a\" data-id=\"75ead5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a131572 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a131572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1067\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandiMammiferi.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1952\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandiMammiferi.webp 1067w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandiMammiferi-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandiMammiferi-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandiMammiferi-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandiMammiferi-700x394.webp 700w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandiMammiferi-539x303.webp 539w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1067px) 100vw, 1067px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b567b07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b567b07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandi-mammiferi-1.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1992\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandi-mammiferi-1.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandi-mammiferi-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandi-mammiferi-1-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/grandi-mammiferi-1-700x467.webp 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85fe62a\" data-id=\"85fe62a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97ec5f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97ec5f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Big mammals<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec8ef7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec8ef7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The methods listed below allow the determination of ecological parameters of the populations in question (e.g. density, population structure, relative density, population distribution, habitat use).<\/p><ul><li>Extensive census by <b>observation unit<\/b> (block count) (target: large ungulates): daytime, with fixed and\/or moving operators in Reference Sectors (SdR) and Detection Units (UdR), to be counted on subsequent days. Annual frequency, to be carried out in favourable periods (e.g. wintering).<\/li><li>Extensive census or <b>spring night sampling with flashlight<\/b> (target: carnivores, large ungulates, lagomorphs), driven by vehicle, aimed at an overall quantification of the presence along routes or in open areas. Annual frequency, from April to June.<\/li><li>Extensive census or <b>bellowing sample<\/b> (target: deer): night-time acoustic detection of bellowing adult males. Annual frequency, during the reproductive period (autumn).<\/li><li><b>Presence index<\/b> detection (target: large carnivores, mustelids, ungulates, lagomorphs) for an estimate of abundance (e.g. scrubs, tracks, burnings, markings with feces) in relation to an area or transect (strip transect). Frequency: potentially achievable throughout the year.<\/li><li><b>Counting of active lairs<\/b> (target: large carnivores, mustelids) in a properly patrolled area for the calculation of an index of the abundance of the resident population. Annual frequency (springtime). Annual frequency, spring period.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4b34980 elementor-section-full_width qode_elementor_container_inner elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no\" data-id=\"4b34980\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-da0158d\" data-id=\"da0158d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9132efb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9132efb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Small mammals<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-994bd7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"994bd7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The methods listed below for monitoring moles, shrews, voles, dormice, mice, and rats, usually do not allow to obtain an estimation of population density, since it is often impossible to refer to a given surface measure; however, the counting and identification of captured individuals provide an index of population abundance as well as a representation of biodiversity.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Wads analyses<\/strong>: collection and dissection of wads, undigested fragments of prey (bones, teeth, hair), compacted in a characteristic way, regularly regurgitated by some birds of prey (especially nocturnal Strigiformes); this operation allows the identification of micro-mammals\u2019 species that have constituted the predator\u2019s meal, thus being able to infer its presence.<\/li><li><strong>Live traps<\/strong>: sampling based on the arrangement of <strong>non-lethal traps <\/strong>of different types, at regular intervals, along a transect or in such a way as to form a \u201ccatch grid\u201c; in the second case an estimation of population density can be obtained, since the number of samples taken can be traced back to the sampling area. Catches shall be taken for at least three consecutive nights; the release of captured specimens is always foreseen.<\/li><li><strong>Chiropterofauna<\/strong>: survey using a bat detector for transects, with listening sessions conducted under favorable weather conditions, in the absence of rain and wind, starting half an hour after sunset and ending within the next two hours, coinciding with the period of maximum nocturnal activity of bats. Listening points last at least 15 minutes, and the presence of different species is quantified at each point by counting the number of contacts, categorized by species or groups of species. The echolocation signals recorded on digital media from active surveys are then manually analyzed using specific software, selecting one to three echolocation signals per sequence.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-21ef7dd\" data-id=\"21ef7dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932675f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"932675f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chirotteri.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1991\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chirotteri.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chirotteri-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chirotteri-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chirotteri-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chirotteri-700x525.webp 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc49477 elementor-section-full_width qode_elementor_container_inner elementor-section-content-middle elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no\" data-id=\"cc49477\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-80af51a\" data-id=\"80af51a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d172873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d172873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"674\" src=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1955\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli-768x575.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli-700x524.webp 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-831f19a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"831f19a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli_due.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1954\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli_due.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli_due-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli_due-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli_due-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/uccelli_due-700x525.webp 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-374d26c\" data-id=\"374d26c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487c65f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487c65f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Birds<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93a20fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93a20fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <b>birdlife census<\/b> is a reference point for biodiversity monitoring, comparison of habitats, pre- and post-treatment surveys. Considering the importance that wild birds also have in community or international contexts (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mase.gov.it\/portale\/web\/guest\/direttiva-uccelli-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Directive 79\/409\/EEC &#8220;Birds&#8221;<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mase.gov.it\/portale\/web\/guest\/zone-umide-di-importanza-internazionale-ai-sensi-della-convenzione-di-ramsar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ramsar Convention<\/a>, relating to fauna of humid environments), the correct monitoring of natural populations is particularly important with a view to sustainable land management and\/or infrastructure design.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Relief through point counts<\/strong>: identification of nesting species by listening to birdsongs from an adequate number of points; this qualitative method is particularly suitable for woodland environments and\/or difficult to observe species.<\/li><li><strong>Relief on linear transects:<\/strong> contacts\u2019 recording (visuals or auditory) obtained by an observer during the time taken to complete a predetermined length transept; species, number of individuals, activity, substrate and distance from the transept of observed birds are therefore reported. The method is basically qualitative; however, by increasing the sampling effort (35-40 recordings, monthly sampling repetition), it is possible to obtain semi-quantitative information and proceed with the calculation of fauna indexes (e.g. species richness, abundance, diversity) and density estimates.<\/li><li>Particularly elusive or rare species (e.g. raptors) may also require the application of special methods, such as <strong>listening <\/strong>at particular times of the day (e.g. at sunset for strigiforms), search for nests or signs of presence, singing response induction (census at playback).<\/li><li><b>Colonial species<\/b> (e.g. Laridae, herons) also require specific techniques to estimate the density of identified colonies. No censuses are carried out using ringing techniques.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2faa7e elementor-section-full_width qode_elementor_container_inner elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no\" data-id=\"e2faa7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-586118c\" data-id=\"586118c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc43280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc43280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Reptiles and amphibians<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee65243 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee65243\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Data on the Italian <b style=\"\">herpetofauna <\/b>are collected within the project \u201cAtlas of Italian Amphibians and Reptiles\u201d, by the Italian Herpetological Society, of which we adopted some sampling methods:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Direct observation:<\/strong> research and counting of specimens along transects or within representative areas of the territory. The method allows to obtain qualitative or semi-quantitative data (as the sampling effort increases).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Manual capture: <\/strong>research and capture of specimens after research in typical micro-habitats or using special equipment (falling or floating traps, loops, nets). By increasing the sampling effort, it is possible to proceed with the determination of ecological parameters that allows to obtain mainly qualitative results, such as the Petersen Index, obtainable by recapturing the specimens previously caught and marked (&#8220;method of subsequent catches&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"\">Acoustic lures:<\/strong> counting the males\u2019 lures at the point counts (only possible for singing amphibians and limited to the breeding season).<\/li><li>Other methods can also be applied to support the previous ones, such as the night transects carried out on a vehicle (night driving, useful for monitoring night amphibians) and \/ or the collection and identification of specimens killed on the roads (roadkill analysis).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c66b6a\" data-id=\"1c66b6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d1b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e8d1b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/rettili.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1953\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/rettili.webp 900w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/rettili-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/rettili-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/rettili-800x600.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/rettili-700x525.webp 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-42b035e elementor-section-full_width qode_elementor_container_inner elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no\" data-id=\"42b035e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56704ae\" data-id=\"56704ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f24ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32f24ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All the proposed methods are applicable only to periods in which the fauna component is active (spring-autumn). Whatever the adopted technique, the release and safety of the captured specimens is guaranteed.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-35e08ad1 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no\" data-id=\"35e08ad1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73c337c3\" data-id=\"73c337c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dfd12d4 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-bridge_video_box\" data-id=\"1dfd12d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bridge_video_box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qode_video_box disabled_hover_overlay disabled_hover_zoom\">\n\t<a itemprop=\"image\" class=\"qode_video_image\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/gao_V5StLm0?si=Y5o0I1UKDnCtl0Kd\" data-rel=\"prettyPhoto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"qode_video_box_button_holder\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"qode_video_box_button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"qode_video_box_button_arrow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49833122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"49833122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Fauna surveys <\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fauna surveys Faunal surveys on amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, including bats ERSE conducts analysis and monitoring of fauna on animal components such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (including bats) across the entire national territory. Big mammals The methods listed below allow the determination of&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1926,"parent":2110,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full_width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2089","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2089"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2778,"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2089\/revisions\/2778"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2110"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1926"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.erseambiente.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}